Battle of Calabria - 2824 Words

BATTLE OF CALABRIA (BATTLE OF PUNTA STILO) - 1940 INTRODUCTION 1. In the history, the Struggle for the Middle Sea describes the naval war fought in the Mediterranean and Red Sea with five great navies that participated: a. Great Britain’s Royal Navy. b. Italy’s Regia Marina. c. France’s Marine Nationale. d. United States Navy. e. German Kriegsmarine. 2. It examines the national essential that made the Mediterranean such a vital theater for each of these powers and it analyses their actions and performances over the entire five-year campaign from 1940 to 1945. Particularly in this coverage of naval surface combat during that time is filled with fresh perspectives and same supported by wide-ranging research in†¦show more content†¦Later Axis plans to invade the island so invaluable to the Allied cause came to nothing. MAJOR NAVAL STRENGTHS 9. Major naval strengths and command control function of the belligerents of allied and axis are the United Kingdom, Australia and Italy navies are tabulated below: Description | Belligerents | | United Kingdom, Australia | Italy | Commanders and leaders | Admiral Andrew Cunningham | Admiral Inigo Campioni | Aircraft Carrier | 1 | - | Battleships | 3 | 2 | Heavy Cruisers | - | 6 | Light Cruisers | 5 | 8 | Destroyers | 16 | 16 | ORIGIN OF BATTLE 10. The Battle of Calabria, (known to the Italian Navy as the Battle of Punta Stilo) was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in World War II. It was fought between the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) and the British Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. The battle occurred 30 miles to the east of Punta Stilo, the toe of Italy (Calabria), on 9 July 1940. 11 When World War II opened, it was much to the surprise of the Italian forces who, like many in Europe, did not expect conflict until 1941 at the earliest. At the time their forces in Libya were ill-equipped for war, and the Italian fleet was forced to start large supply operations in order to bring them up to fighting condition.Show MoreRelatedThe Long Way Home By David Laskin848 Words   |  4 Pagesto the poor and oppressed† (Laskin 6). Meyer was determined to have a better life for himself and decided to migrate to the States. Identically, Epifanio migrated with the same intention. He was born in Calabria, Italy, and was fifteen years old when immigrated. The living conditions in Calabria were dreadful, and the desire to have â€Å"the money, the cars, the jobs† inspired him to move to â€Å"l’America† (Laskin, 24). 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One federal agent commented that Los Zetas are more dangerous than any other criminal organization in Mexico because they are heavily armed and eager to engage in gun battles (S. Logan 2009). MISSION. The original mission of Los Zetas focused on protecting the leader of Gulf Cartel, Orsiel Cardenas Guillen, and on killing all of Gulf Cartel’s enemies that may have disrupted normal operations. In an effort to grow GulfRead MoreMedieval Vs. Medieval Era1506 Words   |  7 Pagesexpansion of Christian domains. The First Crusade was launched in 1095, and captured Antioch and Jerusalem in 1099. The Second Crusade occurred 1145 when Edessa fell to Islamic forces. Jerusalem’s fall in 1187 started the Third Crusade, famous for the battles between Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. The Fourth Crusade was a disaster, begun by Pope Innocent III in 1202. It was subverted by Venetians who used the forces to sack the Christian city of Zara. The crusaders eventually reached ConstantinopleRead MoreArticle 25 - Maltese Online Casino Scandal Deepens1995 Words   |  8 Pagesas Betuniq), Tebaral Trading Ltd, and Tebaral Holding Ltd. All assets of such companies have been seize d as the European issued warrant has allowed the Malta Police Force to investigate connections between Malta’s online casino landscape and the Calabria mafia. Rumours of corruption within the world of Malta based online casino gaming definitely aren’t new, but this is the first time that they have received widespread media attention. Holding their ground on the matter, the government has also begunRead More John Websters Play The Duchess of Malfi Essay example2941 Words   |  12 PagesThe ordinary citizenry of Malfi believe him to be a brave fellow who plays tennis and dances. (ref. Delio) The Cardinals brother is not portrayed in any better light than this either. He appears brave, willing to lead his troops into battle, until he is persuaded not to by Castruchio: It is fitting a soldier arise to be a prince but not necessary a prince descend to be a captain. On the surface this statement suggests that Ferdinand is an upstanding character, leading by exampleRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesreligious costume, which tells us that even churchmen use their power for criminal ends. The enormous gap separating the French ideal from the Italian reality is driven home a bit later in the scene, when Ferdinand, the Cardinal’s brother and Duke of Calabria, reproaches two of his assembled courtiers for laughing: Why do you laugh? Methinks you that are courtiers should be my touchwood, take fire when I give fire, that is, laugh when I laugh, were the subject never so witty. (1.1.127–30) We could hardly

African American And Asian American Women - 2189 Words

The experiences of African-American and Asian-American women mirrored each other’s in many ways, seen through the filters of their varied experiences during different time periods in the last hundred years. While at this point, freed African-American women had been on American soil for a hundred years’ plus prior to that, Asian-American immigrants were just beginning to move into the United States, looking for an improved quality of life and the opportunity to make their fortune. African-American families, although now freed, were still slaves to the system. Many families were expecting land to be given to them, much the way it was given to early European immigrants, in order to build their livelihoods and find success. However, this was not the truth. Instead, they found themselves in the endless failing loop of sharecropping, where they worked a landowner’s land and lived on the property; in return, they were required to pay a huge portion of their crops back t o the landowner as rent. Unfortunately, this usually created a massive debt that was impossible for the families to pay, on top of feeding themselves, supplying their own tools, etc. Due to this, ‘shifting’ occurred, families constantly moving from one spot of land to the next, always looking for better pay or conditions. In previous readings (1st half of the semester), one point of discussion was that slave families had no true guarantee of a solid family unit, as male slaves were often pulled from their families,Show MoreRelatedSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational understanding of womanhood. The idea of femininity does not indicate that women are limited to specific women and gender roles. Instead, it is an understanding and connection of women that stretches across borders. However, it is essential to make note that the experiences and depictions of all women are not equal, especially in regards to depictions fou nd in mass media. The depictions of women across multiple races are different to that of the global understanding of femininity, therebyRead MoreInterracial Dating And How Accepted It Is Nowadays961 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationships, such as dating and marriages, have increased in the past decades There is an abundance of evidence that displays interracial dating is on the rise. â€Å"Krikor (2001) reports that interracial marriages are increasing, from 51,000 African American-Caucasian marriages in 1960 to 330,000 in 1998. Gurung Duong (1999) and Moore (1999) also report that the occurrence of interracial marriage has greatly increased the past few decades† ((Firmin Firebaugh, 2008). Levin, Taylor, Caudle (2007)Read MoreWhite And Hispanic Prisoners : African Americans932 Words   |  4 Pages The first minorities that are often discriminated against are African Americans, more specifically, African American males. As of 2009, Johnson (2014) states that 39.4 percent of blacks represented the majority of the prisons (as cited in Bowman, 2014b, p. 324). According to Hartney and Vuong (2009), African Americans are more likely to get less favorable results than whites when it comes to the death penalty, prison sentencings, recidivism, etc. They’ve also stated that blacks are more likelyRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Its Effects On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom these forms of media and advertisements sometimes receive the attention but after time passes on we forget them. Aunt Jemima is a famous individual who has been through many changed over time, which at first, she looked like a terrifying African American lady who had a creepy smile but as time passed, her appearance changed to fit into this society’s norm. From this we are likely to think that thi s types of ethnics and racism has been eliminated in this decade. However, even in 2016 these advertisementsRead MoreAncient History Gender Stratification Balanced On One Crucial892 Words   |  4 Pageshistory gender stratification balanced on one crucial fact: women have children and men cannot. This automatically increases their value. As the society moves farther away from the risk of annihilation, the roles of the females trend towards the domestic sphere where the primitive hunter-gatherer society requires a greater contribution from girls to survive. 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Using Color-Line To Borderlands: The Matrix of American Ethnic Studies, I will focus on the following Ethnic Studies and their goals: African American Studies, Women’s Studies, Chicano/a Studies, Native American Studies, and Asian American Studies, and Queer Studies. African American studies, which can be seen as the first Ethnic Studies to be introduced in Academia has several values that they want to embody. Originally, African American studies was a grassroots student-led response to institutionalRead MoreMass Media and Stereotypes710 Words   |  3 Pagesgroups are affected by media stereotypes, like Asians, African Americans, Muslims, and Hispanics. There are a variety of Asian stereotypes in the media. Some vary from them knowing karate, exceling at some kind of instrument, most girls having a Hello Kitty obsession, most Asians are Chinese, they are good at math, etc. However, the most widely known stereotype of Asians is that they have strict parents. In the book, Two Kinds, Amy Tan writes about an Asian mother who is very strict on her daughter andRead More Eating Disorders, Body Image and Cultural Contexts Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesimage without including the general sentiment of the population being studied as it changes from so ciety to society. Americans, Blacks and Asians have been the focus of a significant amount of research on the cultural attributions of eating disorders and differences in body image between cultures. When a researcher considers body image and eating problems in African-American women, they must also take into account the socio-cultural factors and factors of oppression, such as racism and sexism (DavisRead MoreAsian Dietary Cultures That Have Developed Through The Centuries789 Words   |  4 PagesCulinary historian and anthropologist tend to identified three main categories of Asian dietary cultures that have developed through the centuries. The three traditional styles are from the southwest, southeast, and northeast with their own unique sauce. Asian food is generally a blend of several tastes and flavors together that is sweet, sour, salty,spicy, and bitter.There are various tools in the asian cultures but perhaps the most important tool is the wok because the rounded bottom that provides

Addendum Free Essays

The following terms and conditions are hereby incorporated in and made a part of the: X Residential Purchase Agreement, Business Purchase Agreement, Manufactured Home Purchase Agreement, Residential Lease or Month-to-Month Rental Agreement, Vacant Land Purchase Agreement, Residential Income Property Purchase Agreement, Commercial Property Purchase Agreement, Residential Listing Agreement, Buyer Representation Agreement, Other February 1, 2012 109 Montevideo Ct dated , on property known as Lattice Renee Reynolds in which is referred to as (â€Å"Buyer/Tenant/Broker†) Michael Turner, Tommie Turner and is referred to as (â€Å"Seller/Landlord/Broker†). 2. 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Addendum or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. 5. Earnest money deposit to be reduce to $1 ,OHO. O Extend Close of Escrow date through March 30, 2012. Loan and Appraisal Contingency removal on March 21, 2012. Seller will waive per diem penalty fee. All other terms and conditions to remain the same. How to cite Addendum, Papers

Siebel Pricing free essay sample

This document explains, in detail, all of the steps and the input arguments to each step in the ‘Dynamic Pricing Procedure’ workflow process. This document assumes the reader is well versed with the Siebel 7. 8 Pricing Management application. This document was written for the â€Å"Dynamic Pricing Procedure† workflow process from the 19017 build. Whom to Contact Rob SeamanRobert. [emailprotected] com Dynamic Pricing Procedure Please refer to the PSP L2 Tech presentation for further information on each of the transforms. Steps Below is a list of the steps in the Dynamic Pricing Procedure, as well as the business service and method that is called: NameTypeBusiness ServiceMethodSubprocessDescription Check Header Price ListBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceQuery TransformDetermine if the header Price List is expired or not yet effective Raise Expired ErrorBusiness ServicePricing ManagerRaise Price List Expired ErrorHalt execution and provide error message to user if the header Price List is expired. Raise Not Effective ErrorBusiness ServicePricing ManagerRaise Price List Not Effective ErrorHalt execution and provide error message to user if the header Price List is not yet effective Determine Pricing ActionBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceConditional Action TransformDetermine which pricing actions to take based on Action Code. We will write a custom essay sample on Siebel Pricing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Get List PriceBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceSimple Look-Up TransformGet the list price for each row in the row set. Append other values from the Price List Item BC to the row. Get Root Price List Item IdBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceHierarchical TransformPut the CP root Price List Item id on each component of the CP for later use Split Unpriced ActionsBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceSplit TransformMove those rows with an action code that should not be priced to another row set that will not be priced throughout the procedure. Customizable Product Roll-DownBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceHierarchical TransformCalculate the quantity of a component product of hierarchical product (CP, Package Product, and Bundle Product) Start = ListBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceConditional Action TransformInitialize the start price value as the list price value Attribute AdjustmentBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceDynamic Lookup TransformApply attribute adjustments to the start price Invalid Combination? Decision PointDetermine if there was an invalid combination for the attribute adjustment matrix Display Invalid Combination ErrorBusiness ServiceDynamic Matrix Retrieval ServiceThrow Invalid Combination ErrorHalt execution of procedure and throw error when an invalid combination for attribute adjustment occurs Split Service ProductsBusiness ServiceRow Set Transformation Toolkit ServiceSplitMove service products from the row set into another row set for use in the service pricing subprocedure.

Elizabethan Views Of Richard Iii Essays - Shakespearean Histories

Elizabethan Views Of Richard Iii Douglas Starliper 4/18/00 LT. Kullman My Essay on Whether What Richard III did was Right, or Wrong King Richard III, in my opinion, was a greedy, yet determined man who would do whatever it took to achieve the position of king of England. What he did to get to this position was wrong, however, how he went about achieving what he wanted shows that he had intelligence. Having to kill a family member to get to where he wanted to be, did not even stop him. I believe that him doing this was very dishonorable. Even the book, Shakespeare and the Renaissance Code of Honor says ?dishonor is worse than death.? In this same book I found a piece of information saying ?If the renaissance aristocracy loved and pursued honor intensely, and with it's whole being. It follows logically that dishonor was the one thing in life which could not be tolerated.? Another quote from the same book on honor says ?Since honor was so highly esteemed not only to one's own life, but also the lives of those close and dear to oneself, might be sacrificed in order to maintain one's reputation?, which is almost exact ly what Richard did. As stated above, in my opinion, I think that what Richard III did to achieve his position was wrong, but he does have a massive amount of intelligence to be able to pull off his master plan. His goal is to become the King of England, and he would go to any means necessary to get this. Although what he did proved to be morally in correct, the also proved to be intelligent ideas. For example, he sees a path he can take that will lead him right to the thrown, but his brother, Clarence, is next in line to inherit it. What Richard does to prevent this from happening is he has his own brother murdered. That, in my views, is one of the most dishonorable things he does in the play. Yet he executes this plan very wisely. The reason behind this being that he hired two hit-men to do it for him, and the authorities have no way of pinning this crime on Richard. From one internet site Richard in the Mirror of the Centuries, it says, ?Shakespeare's characterization of Richard III has been accepted as a historical portrait ? a portrait of the most wicked of English kings. The question is, whether this is not rather exaggerated After reading further in this document, I find that it blatantly says ?From the very first beginning, in the opening soliloquy, Richard tells the spectators about his own wickedness and he really does prove a villain! He verifies the impression we get in the first scene throughout the drama by acting and thinking the way he does. Always doing what he was ?promised? before, he appears to be an unscrupulous person ? a night-mare king.? Which supports my opinion which says what he does is wrong. There is also another type of honor that I see broken in this play, and that's honor to your family. If he honored his family, he would let things take the course they are supposed to take, and let his brother Clarence take over as King. I found a quote in the book Shakespeare and the Renaissance Concept of Honor, by a man by the name of Castiglione, and the quote s ays ?for it is a great deal less dispraise for him that is not born a gentleman to fail in the acts of virtue, than for a gentleman. If he swerve from the steps of his ancestors, he has straineth the name of his family.? In addition to this quote, I would like to mention that this book also says ?Loyalty to one's family is placed ahead of obedience.? So according to these teaching, what Richard did, just killing his brother, appears to be very dishonorable, and that is aside from everything else that he did. In conclusion to my essay would like to say that there seems to be plenty of facts, in books, that proves my opinion which is, what Richard did was wrong. According to the Elizabethan Laws, All the things that

Nonstandard Usage Detracts from Novel

Nonstandard Usage Detracts from Novel Nonstandard Usage Detracts from Novel Nonstandard Usage Detracts from Novel By Maeve Maddox The English language can certainly be said to be in flux when college professors write such stuff as: 1. She reached into her carpetbag to her side and found her ever-present notepad. 2. This was the first unsolicited compliment her figure had ever gotten by a young man 3. Pneumonia, thought Lucy calmly, and at the very least, flu 4. I weary of hearing about John and his sentinel at the cross and a press as prestigious as St Martins publishes it. I recorded four single-spaced typed pages of notes on unidiomatic English and misused words while reading the 776-page Gospel by Wilton Barnhardt. At first I imagined that the author, who has a German surname, was writing in English as a second language and I was favorably impressed with his fluency. Then I googled him and discovered that not only is he a native-born American, he has a degree from the University of Oxford (England), and teaches creative writing at an American university. Now Im asking, is it just me? Am I so out of touch as all that? Where was I when such strange usages as these became acceptable for educated writers? Mind you, the novel was meticulously researched. I know that the author has done his homework because the subject of the novel is one with which I am familiar. He has even provided footnotes and an index! It is an impressive work. But the odd, unidiomatic English distracts the reader and detracts from the scholarship. And where was the editor? Shouldnt an editor have noticed this kind of thing: The jewels of Meroe, like its gold, was a legend with a source in truth for once. (jewels were) The gig is up, thought Lucy. (jig) she met himall rearing to go (raring) In case its not obvious, Ill explain what I mean about the examples quoted above: 1. She reached into her carpetbag to her side and found her ever-present notepad. The preposition to should be at and the two hers do not work. Better: She reached into the carpetbag at her side 2. This was the first unsolicited compliment her figure had ever gotten by a young man This was the first unsolicited compliment her figure had ever gotten from a young man. The by would work if the prepositional phrase stood next to compliment: This was the first unsolicited compliment by a young man that her figure had ever gotten. 3. Pneumonia, thought Lucy calmly, and at the very least, flu. The character thinks she has contracted either pneumonia or the flu. Pneumonia is more serious than the flu so the sentence should read: Pneumonia, thought Lucy calmly, or at the very least, flu. 4. I weary of hearing about John and his sentinel at the cross. The word sentinel means someone who watches or guards. The author uses this word more than once as if it meant the watching. (In another place he writes: Taxi, Signore? asked the cabdriver from his sentinel before the hotel.) The word wanted is vigil. On the one hand, reading this novel has left me feeling very depressed. St. Martins Press is a publisher I associate with quality. If they can let such problematic writing pass into print, why am I beating my chops writing these articles about correct English usage? On the other hand, Ive got four pages of notes to draw on for future articles. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesEnglish Grammar 101: Verb MoodInspiring vs. Inspirational

Principles of Research & Evidence Based Practice Essay

Principles of Research & Evidence Based Practice - Essay Example measures and suggestions that can be used for the purpose of determining a better decision making with regard to the health care needs of the patients. It involves the combination of systematic research and clinical intervention to develop a complete plan for the treatment of any patient. It has further been noted that evidence based practice is an integrated method of clinical intervention that includes the contribution of professional experts’ values for the patients, evidence gained from research and past cases relevant to patient care among others (Duke University. 2014). It is largely used for the purpose of determining as well as developing better decisions with regard to the care and treatment of the patients dealing with any sort of disease (Northwest College, n.d.). In this context, the essay intends to review two research articles that have extensive used evidence based practice for care and treatment of patients. The review will intend to highlight certain key aspects such as methodology of the research, data collection tools used in the research along with its results in a comprehensive manner altogether. The article, â€Å"Nursing work environment and nurse caring: relationship among motivational factors† by Burtson & Stichler (2010) is reviewed. The article mainly intended to depict a better insight on the work environment for nursing professional along with identifying the factors that motivate them towards executing their activities. The research of Burtson & Stichler (2010) has clear and precise set of objectives, relevant to its aim and determine the relationship amid different nursing workplace factors which included nurse job satisfaction, stress and compassion fatigue among others (Burtson & Stichler, 2010). A systematic evaluation of the research study of the researchers has been provided hereunder. The research of Burtson & Stichler (2010) has been conducted with a co-relational study approach of nurses with a target population of around

Brief the UK company on business and national cultural norms in the Assignment

Brief the UK company on business and national cultural norms in the host country - Assignment Example Within an organization, the way how members interconnect, plan and make choices is largely influenced by beliefs, rules of conduct, attitudes, values and norms. Every organization has its own norms, customs, values, expectations and cultures that effect the interaction or behavior of the employees towards administration, associates, colleagues and collaboration between one another to achieve organizational goals. Norms are guidelines set by organizations to workers to be recognized and help them to accomplish its objectives. Members of the organization are directed to learn and follow various proceedings that occur at work and answer to them that expose businesses guiding norms and values (Gannon and Pillai, 2010) There are number of aspects that effect business success and offer its more development and growth. Business activity is directly affected by the values people follow and culture is demonstrated as the edge where certain set of values work. Values, beliefs and attitudes that are occasionally donated to as â€Å"Culture†, has an unchallengeable role in human actions and growth. It appears that in order to contribute in nation’s economic wealth and happiness, there must be a certain set of moral codes and values that assist in doing business (Chang, 2006). Certainly, values play the chief role in decision-building, as they direct attitude to one condition or another. Business success can be influenced by the values of individuals, their attitudes and principles as these features direct their action and behavior. Cultural elements have an important influence on the growth of business. Each society has its own elements of culture (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007). These factors of culture are demonstrated through: verbal, Nonverbal, religion, Language, manners, actions, education, aesthetics, social society and material elements. Adjustment of these essentials for an international company governs on its degree in

Liability insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liability insurance - Essay Example A nurse having this insurance is important because for every act or service provided there is a liability attached to it. This comes about when one neither is he or she a private contractor nor employed for the job (Catolico, 2014). The employer’s malpractice insurance only covers when one is in the position as an employee and this is the instance a person can be responsible when he or she makes a decision beyond employment scope (Catolico, 2014). This insurance package covers voluntary and off job services in cases of emergency (Catolico, 2014). For instance, a neighbor’s child falls sick and since one is a nurse, the parent of the affected will seek the nurse’s opinion. This prompts one respond by either giving a recommendation or treating the child because he or she is nurse (Catolico, 2014). The moment one helps as a nurse then the patient-nurse relationship forms, onwards, the practitioner is responsible for every decision he or she makes regarding the patient’s wellbeing. This is not to discourage but to inform a person of one’s scope as a nurse, which should not bar him or she stop helping voluntarily. It is of importance to have own malpractice insurance that covers those times of the day when one is off duty but have to respond and take action as a nurse. Catolico, Ruthe. (2014). Malpractice Insurance: Do I need it? National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Accessed on September 26, 2014 from

Effect of Alcoholic Parent on Child

Effect of Alcoholic Parent on Child Behavioral Problems in Children with Alcoholic Parents Introduction Children tend to have behavioral problems when they have an alcoholic parent or parents. There are studies that link children of alcoholics to be at a higher risk of behavior problems, mental and physical health problems, social problems, and substance abuse problems later in life (Christensen, 2000 p.219 and Vernig, 2011 p.536). Alcoholism is a big issue when it comes to the development of children because some alcoholics tend to miss their children’s events, not be around all the time, or are too drunk to be mentally present. Children are also impressionable at young ages and tend to follow in their parents footsteps which is why children, especially young ones, need parents who are good, strong role models that set good examples and teach them. Alcoholic parents probably struggle in this department and set bad examples of how to cope with certain aspects of life. Children see this and act accordingly while developing many issues of their own throughout childhood and adultho od. The behavior of alcoholic parents has a huge impact on the way their children behave. Children of alcoholics have trouble with social situations and often have to do more help to keep the family together than normal families. They usually try to get attention, struggle in school, and are much more prone to mental and physical illnesses. Alcoholic parents often are associated with being absent in their children’s lives, whether they physically are not around, or they are mentally not around. This causes children to act out for attention. That could include getting into trouble at school, acting out at home, or other forms of acting out for attention. Parents who are absent because of their alcoholism cause their children to become important roles in the house to help out the â€Å"enabler† or the nonalcoholic parent, according to Peter Vernig (2011). Peter Vernig also states that oldest child often steps up to help the other parent. This causes issues mentally, physically, and socially with the child later in life. The entire family suffers from the parent’s habits (Vernig, 2011 p.535). Children other than the eldest child suffer as well, maybe to get attention from their siblings, or either parent. The other children in the family have their own roles and each has its own problems. For example, one often receives the least amount of attention and feels rejected because this child is often overlooked which causes mental illnesses from being neglected. The youngest child is typically a distraction from the heavy feelings of the family issues. Intelligence is not highly expected in this child. The second eldest child is used to draw attention away from the issue at hand. This child is the most prone to legal trouble, trouble in school, and they are most likely to be drug and alcohol abusers of all the children in a family. (Vernig, 2011 p.535-537) These categories break down which child is most likely to develop certain issues over the other children. Body One of the biggest problems with children of alcoholics is that they tend to be more prone to mental illnesses. Many children struggle with hyperactivity problems, anxiety, depression, low self esteem, and psychosomatic reactions (Christensen, 2000 p.219).   These emotional problems are a result of their parent’s actions. These children grow up seeing their parent in situations that create added stress for them. The parent may or may not be abusive, or may be absent for important things. Maybe the parent even argues with their children over certain matter that influence less support (Barerra, 1993 p. 603). This can lower the child or childrens’ self esteem. Low self esteem leads to or can lead to real mental health problems such as depression or anxiety. These children are much more likely to have substance abuse problems early in life. Some of the reasoning behind that is the genetics of mental health disorders, such as alcoholism, but some of it is because children with anxiety and depression can turn to drugs and alcohol to cope (Puttler 1998, Serec 2012, Vernig 2011).   Children of alcoholics’   mental health problems create issues for them not only during childhood, but also later in life (Vernig 2011, Serec 2012, Puttler 1998, Eiden 2009, Sher 2007). Their adulthoods often include some form of substance abuse often caused by their mental health problems. Alcoholics typically also have depression or anxiety of some form (Eiden 2009).   Children of alcoholics feel neglected because their parent or parents do not always pay attention to them, or they have to give up being a child in order to replace the support of their alcoholic parent. The oldest child steps up, while the younger children begin to feel neglected and ignored. These children act out and develop these mental problems as a result of the little attention they are paid. In early stages of development these children need more attention and care and often do not receive it. This causes anxiety, depression, and hyperactivity disorders (Eiden 2009, Vernig 2011, Puttler 1998). Physical illnesses are common in children of alcoholics just as the mental illnesses are. Children in these situations tend to become more prone to illnesses, especially in earlier childhood stages like infants, toddlers, preschool age, and middle school ages. These children need a lot of support, love, and help from their parents and lack of their basic needs causes more physical illnesses to occur. They need to be taken care of and given lots of attention. Studies show that alcoholic parents possess lower quality parenting skills than those of nonalcoholic parents (Eiden 2009). Children in preschool or of preschool age are 65% more likely to come down with illnesses such as colds and coughs more than other children. They are also more likely to have allergies and anemia or to be over or under weight   (Serec, 2012). Due to the poor parenting skills of alcoholic parents, children at young stages are more at risk to be hospitalized for their illnesses or injuries. They are more likely to spend more days in the hospital, need more medical treatment, and get more injuries than children without alcoholic parents (Serec, 2012). These children are not treated properly at home, or not as well as they should be taken care of. Physical illnesses occur in the children in adolescence as well, but are more common in those of the younger children. Aggravation of alcoholic parents towards their children is more likely than that of nonalcoholic parents, so that is possibly an aspect of why children tend to become sicker when their parents are alcoholics. Children of all ages try to get attention from their parent or parents when one or both of them are alcoholics. It is natural for the human body to need (or crave) love and attention. Younger children often need more love and attention as their brains develop, learn, and grow. Children cannot likely develop correctly when these needs are ignored. 8-27% of all children are said to have one or both parents that have an alcohol problem (Serec 2012). That means that 8-27% of the child population struggles with these problems and likely feels unwanted or wants attention and approval from their parents. Young children struggle more with attention problems because they have yet to establish a solid foundation or identity for themselves. They need the support from their parents. In order to get attention children will act out in school, get into trouble with the law, or just create trouble in general. They might intentionally fail in classes to get some attention. References Barrera, M., Chassin, L., & Rogosch, F. (1993). Effects of social support and conflict on adolescent children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fathers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 602-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.602 Christensen, H. B., & Bilenberg, N. (2000). Behavioural and emotional problems in children of alcoholic mothers and fathers. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 9(3), 219-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007870070046 Eiden, R. D., Colder, C., Edwards, E. P., & Leonard, K. E. (2009). A longitudinal study of social competence among children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents: Role of parental psychopathology, parental warmth, and self-regulation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(1), 36-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014839 Eiden, R. D., Molnar, D. S., Colder, C., Edwards, E. P., & Leonard, K. E. (2009). A conceptual model predicting internalizing problems in middle childhood among children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fathers: The role of marital aggression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(5), 741-750. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.741 Puttler, L. I., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Bingham, C. R. (1998). Behavioral outcomes among children of alcoholics during the early and middle childhood years: Familial subtype variations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22(9), 1962-1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-199812000-00011 Serec, M., Ã…  vab, I., KolÃ… ¡ek, M., Ã…  vab, V., Moesgen, D., & Klein, M. (2012). Health-related lifestyle, physical and mental health in children of alcoholic parents. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(7), 861-870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00424.x Sher, K. J. (2007). Psychological characteristics of children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health & Research World, 21(3), 247. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=8b877c18-70ab-46b2-9733-946de849a88f%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=106080239&db=ccm Vernig, P. M. (2011). Family roles in homes with alcohol-dependent parents: An evidence-based review. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(4), 535-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2010.501676

The Health Care Puzzle :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Health Care Puzzle Health care in the United States has improved immensely during the past century. Improved technology has finally allowed us to eliminate deadly disease from our society. Unfortunately, the technology is expensive and has put monetary burdens upon the care receivers. No longer can a middle class American afford the astronomical fees for lifesaving operations in the hospital. Because of this, health insurance, like car insurance, flood insurance or fire insurance, has been established to assure its participant that he or she is able to be provided with the best care possible. Many horrible stories by normal people have shown that it hasn't happened. Deserved health care has not been provided, and many "insured participants" have suffered because of this. The problems of health care in the United States include: questioning of cost reduction techniques, allegations of death and injury, competition between hospitals themselves, and legal loopholes in the system. It's no wonder that medic al care systems are under such scrutiny. One system in particular that has violated the system is the HMO, or Health Maintenance Organizations, a public provider which forces their patient to choose from an assortment of their physicians. Since their establishment, HMOs have gradually decreased the quality of patient health care significantly, especially in hospitals. Debates over the health care provided by HMOs have arisen in many cases. For an alarming majority, organizations like the HMO are the only affordable option for providing health care. Since most people could never afford such costs as expensive surgeries, they have turned to HMOs to provide them with care, paid via a monthly premium. A variety of services can be offered to patients in one familiar place. In addition, the doctors are good because they are screened before acceptance by other qualifying physicians. Procedures are also given more objectively, because of no extra fee incentives for the physicians in prepaid programs, where the goal is to lower costs. Also, costs are about the same for every visit, and claim forms are kept at a minimum. Another advantage of companies like HMO is that there is a familiarity between the physicians of the HMO group. Specialists of all kinds can relate to each other because they are in a cooperative working environment. In contrast, disadvanta ges exist with these health providers. Since patients depend on them for care, they must trust the HMO also. This means that their health can be damaged because of a doctor's faulty decision making, instead of the patient's.

Impact World War Two Had on Trinidad

Arielle Spann 00033827 History 210 CRN 35943 How has World War II impacted on Trinidad and Tobago? This essay explores the impact of World War II on the development of Trinidad and Tobago. World War II played a very important role in the development of Trinidad and Tobago in terms of social, cultural, economic and political changes. World War II began in the year 1939 and continued to the year of 1945 in which the Allies that consisted of Britain, Soviet Union and the US, defeated the Axis powers that included Germany, Italy and Japan.World War II began in September of 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following the Germany's invasion of Poland. Although the outbreak of war was triggered by Germany's invasion of Poland, the causes of the war were more complex. Based on my research there were four main reasons why there was a World War II. These include that of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woo drow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany would pay for the damages that World War I had caused.The German people were very unhappy about the treaty and thought that it was too harsh. They then voted for a man who would have ripped the treaty apart. This led to the second reason which was Adolf Hitler’s action (see figure 1). Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Almost immediately he began secretly building up Germany's army and weapons. In 1934 he had increased the size of the army; he began building warships and created a German air force. The third reason was the Failure of Appeasement.Appeasement meant giving into someone, provided their demands are seen as reasonable. During the 1930s, many politicians in both Britain and France came to see that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles had placed many restrictions on Germany that were unfair. The fourth reason was the Failure of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was an international organisation set up in 1919 to help keep world peace. This failed due to a number of reasons: not all countries had joined, it had no power, no army and it was unable to act quickly. FIGURE 1 http://ahitler. reyfalcon. us/ FIGURE 1 http://ahitler. greyfalcon. us/ Before World War II had occurred, Trinidad and Tobago faced an unprecedented situation. It was the time of the great depression. The great depression was a time where a worldwide economic downturn had begun. It started in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. This caused many problems in Trinidad and Tobago. Working conditions had become extremely difficult where slaves had to work long hours and little pay. Workers where paid 35cents a day, this proved to have being insufficient because of the climbing inflation rates.Unemployment had reached an enormous height of 20%. At this time, health conditions were very poor. Infant mortality rate had reached 127 persons per thousand and the hookworm epidemic had infected close to 80% of the population in rural communities. Malaria had become prevalent due to the disease carried on the female mosquito. Remember, working condition was unfair and little money was paid. This led to extensive malnutrition in the population because money paid was not enough to buy the required food for proper health. Poor housing conditions were also prevalent.Worker houses had become extensively bad in quality and not easy to live in. The houses on the sugar estates and oilfields were said to be dilapidated and lacked sanitary conditions. This meant that the houses were in a state of disrepair or ruin as a result of age or neglect. Toilets, washing facilities, changing rooms and a place for rest were inadequate. This led to the formation of the Shanty Town in Sea Lots located in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The struggle for survival had led to the labour riots of 1937, which was led by Grenadian born Tubal Uriah â€Å"Buzz† Butler.The labour riots of 1937 led to the establishment of the Moyne Commission, which was set up to deal with the grievances of the workers about their working conditions and poor living conditions. The Moyne Commission found that Trinidad workers lived in inhumane conditions and made recommendations on what should be done. This was established in the year 1938 by Lord Moyne and completed its report in 1940. It was very critical of the British colonial system in the Caribbean. The Moyne commission recommended housing construction, agricultural iversification, more representative government for the islands, and the promotion of a middle class in preparation for eventual self-government. Although the Moyne Commission's findings were not made public until after World War II, some of its recommendations were put into effect under the Colonial Development Welfare Act of 1940. Although World War II did not hit Trinidad directly, it showed signs of the impact that led to the further development of Trinidad. Impacts in the social, cultural, pol itical and economic were felt nationwide.Historians argued that World War II led to a modern Trinidad; hence there were many different types of people who inhabited sweet Trinidad. Trinidad played an important role in the war: it was the convoy assembly point for the dispatch of tankers from the Caribbean oil ports across the Atlantic to North America and Europe (A history of modern Trinidad 1783-1962, Bridget Brereton, pg. 191). The first impact I will be writing about is the social impact on the development of Trinidad and Tobago.The social impact has to do with how society was impacted or changed due to further development of Trinidad and Tobago and World War II. World War II had led to the destruction of the myth of white supremacy. The US occupation demolished this myth of white supremacy because at this time, white men were seen doing manual labour and were seen displaying behaviours unfit to the white people. By this, I mean, the white men were seen engaging in drunken behavi ours. During this time, a lot of people moved to Trinidad and because of this, the white men had taken the roles of a field worker.The rich people and Trinidadians, at this time would have gone through a period of cognitive dissonance because they were not accustomed to seeing people of their same colour doing manual labour and behaving like hooligans. They laughed and mocked the drunken or bad behaviours of the sailors. One person that aided in the demolition of this white supremacy myth was named Ulric Cross. Ulric Cross was born in the year 1917. He was of African descent (see figure 2) and because of his involvement in World War II, his achievements led to the breakdown of this myth.In 1941, Ulric Cross had made a decision to join the Royal Air Force (see figure 3), which was one of the branches of the army, fighting in the war. He had performed greatly to such an extent that he soon after decided to join another branch of the same army. This branch was known as the elite pathfi nder squadron of Mosquito Bombers. Because of his high achievements, Ulric Cross was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Distinguished Service Order. FIGURE 2 http://francesannesolomon. net/in-development/ulric-cross/ FIGURE 2 http://francesannesolomon. net/in-development/ulric-cross/What was the cultural impact on the development of Trinidad and Tobago during World War II? First I will be dealing with the entertainment industry. In 1941-1945 the carnival celebrations were banned. This was due to the unruly behaviours of individuals and some feared of possible uprising. Security measures also led to the banning of carnival between these four years. During this time, many patrons had remained in their backyards experimenting on metal instruments with the making of tins and pans. This was done to help in the making of instrument s that could play different notes and popular tunes.From this process, steel pans were manufactured into being. It was done by Winston â€Å"Spree † Simon and Neville Jules, where they would use biscuit pans and margarine pans, and tune it to the notes of music. In 1946 an oil drum was used and experimented on, and it was found that it could produce a concave pan (see figure 4). It was founded by someone by the name of Elliot â€Å"Elle† Mannette. Soon after, steel pan had become an integral part of the carnival celebrations. At this time were carnival was banned, indoor entertainment had bloomed.This was because people were no longer allowed or given permission to parade in the streets, so indoor entertainment were one of the few things that was accepted for leisure. FIGURE 3 http://www. topnews. in/asianorigin-raf-medic-sues-british-military-paki-and-terrorist-jibe-cover-2213305 FIGURE 3 http://www. topnews. in/asianorigin-raf-medic-sues-british-military-paki-and-terrorist-jibe-cover-2213305 The appearance of most individual give rise to the term â€Å"saga-boy†. This is simply a person that was said to b e a playboy. It is a person who dresses with extreme style and very fashion forward.Their hairstyle would be one of a side part and muff, the style of dress was totally different. The saga-boy’s apparel was one of a high-waist pants, wide legged with a tight cuff at the bottom, trousers and a long coat with lapels. Lapels are the part on each side of a coat or jacket immediately below the collar which is folded back on either FIGURE 4 http://www. forumgarden. com/forums/fashion-clothing/56381-mens-vintage-roars-life-zoot-suit-cost-much-bmw. html FIGURE 4 http://www. forumgarden. com/forums/fashion-clothing/56381-mens-vintage-roars-life-zoot-suit-cost-much-bmw. html side of the front opening.These were known as zoot suits (see figure 4). One of the cultural impacts was the rise of prostitution. Prostitution is the practice or occupation of engaging in sex with someone for payment. It is also defined by the oxford dictionary as â€Å"the corrupt use of one's talents for person al or financial gain. † World War II had led to this rise in prostitution because of the large amounts of individual in uniform that maintain money and was willing to exchange it for sex or anything of the sexual nature. In 1945, British and Canadian men were around 33,640 men in uniform and the US had about 70,800 men in uniform.Sexual behaviours were a great means of relaxation. Many patrons were involved in the exchange of money for sex and this led to a massive increase of sexually transmitted diseases. Most common were those of gonorrhoea and syphilis. Statistics show that new cases of gonorrhoea rose from about 573 in the year 1940 to about 3,445 in the year 1941. This shows that the amount of new cases of gonorrhoea was multiplied by around six (6) times the original amount, all within twelve months. Although these diseases were becoming an epidemic in society, it gave way for calypsos by artists such as The Mighty Sparrow and Lord Invader.One of the popular calypso son gs by Lord Invader called the Yankee Dollar. This song simply portrays how the Yankees come to Trinidad and the girls and mothers (prostitutes) like them because they paid them more money and treated them better. Another popular calypso that was sung by the Mighty Sparrow was called Jean and Danah. This song portrays basically the same meaning as the song Yankee Dollar. It portrays women working on a corner, selling their bodies for money and if they are broke, you could buy sex at a cheaper rate. World War II also impacted Trinidad with the introduction of gambling and crime.Gambling dens were established and this in return gave favour to crime. Boysie Singh was one of the more prevalent mobsters that reigned over Trinidad. In the 1940’s, Boysie Singh had established gambling clubs and houses were men can visit prostitutes in Queens Street located in Port of Spain. He had a reputation of murdering around 400 persons in cold blood. His crimes of gang and drug related murders were reported almost daily in the national press. Yet, it’s said that Boysie Singh once held the world record for the number of murders he was believed to have committed.During this period of World War II, mass amounts of immigration occurred. Immigration was the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. Immigrants came from Barbados, Grenada and Europe. Many from Europe were fleeing or running away from cities such as Hans, Stechers and Tauchers. The reason they came to Trinidad was based on the liberal immigration policy. This states that it was ok for people to come and stay in Trinidad based on work. If you were employed as a worker in Trinidad, you were allowed to stay and live. What was the economic impact on the development of Trinidad and Tobago during World War II?The first economic impact I would be discussing is the rate of employment. During this period of war, there was a boom in employment. Workers left their field work, cocoa and sugar to becom e employed on the bases for the army. The unemployment rate had decrease to about 80% due to the construction of the bases. Around 30,000 individuals were employed which added up to be about 20% of the workers in Trinidad. This employment boom due to the base led to a mass shortage in the sugar industry. In 1939, it was recorded that the amount of workers had accumulated to about 30,000.This soon decreased with a count of 18,000 workers in the year 1943. In next year of 1944, the work population had gone back up to 21,000 workers in the sugar industry. Many workers left their former jobs to work at the bases because of the benefits. It was seen that at the base, it was cleaner and the wages were more attractive. Wages were paid around 2s. Per day and were at least doubled for workers at the base. During World War II many of the young bankers were enlisted in the Canadian and British armed forces and had to go for the call of duty. This was a problem for banks because now, there were shortages in staff.They asked themselves how they would fill the gap of the shortage. One brilliant person must have suggested hiring female workers. This is how females began to work, but before this time, females were not allowed to work because it was not part of the role as a woman in society. So to fill the gap, female workers were hired but, they were not seen. The employers would have placed them in the back ground or back offices where no one could have seen them. In 1945, during the time of war, RBC consisted approximately 71% of staff members were females. Trade had also shifted in a different direction.USA became the trading partner with Trinidad because the U-boat threat had become unreliable with the supplies needed. Due to this, Britain was replaced. The U-boat threat were said to be German submarines, or U-Boats, that threatened Canadian merchant ships carrying troops and supplies to Britain. Britain’s war efforts depended on this support. Before World War II (1936-1939) the UK had represented 37% of the imports and USA had 34% of the imports in Trinidad. In the time of World War II (1944), the UK represented a mere 11% of imports and the USA had climbed to a height of 59% of the imports in Trinidad.The import/export trade had become unreliable and this made an impact on the food situation. At this time food supplies had become scarce and there was a need for something to be done. A system of food rationing had begun to take effect in Trinidad because of its scarcity. Food rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services. Rationing controls the size of the ration that one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. Although the food rationing was introduce, the import bill had increase from the amount of 34. million in the years 1939 to an overwhelming 40 million in the year 1940. This was said to be a sign of increased economic activity. It was a good thing Trinidad produced their own food and crops as this helped them to maintain the society during this time. Property prices and rent payments had gone up during the years of the war. In the years 1939-1945, rent had increased from $80. 00 to $500. 00 per month and the cheaper places to stay like flat houses had also increased from $25. 00 to $80. 00. This, I think was due to the high level of immigration that was taking place.Another factor that could have led to this was the Yankees that would come to Trinidad to spend holidays and go again. Another economic impact World War II had on the development of Trinidad was the transfer of technology. World War II played a very important role in the transferring of new technologies and skills into Trinidad. The Yankees had bought with them bulldozers that would help with work. Bulldozes would have done the same amount of work men would take weeks to complete in a matter of minutes. Because of the new technologies and skills, the constr uction industry was never the same again.Finally! What was the political impact on the development of Trinidad and Tobago during World War II? World War II led to decolonization. Decolonization is the action of changing from colonial to an independent status. After World War II, Britain had become bankrupt and began to promote self- government in the Commonwealth. Commonwealth means an independent country. Eric Williams and Norman Manley agreed for a federation as a means of gaining independence. Because of this, the British West Indies (BWI) federation was established.In the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, Eric Williams and Norman Manley sought for self- determination as independent states. In conclusion, this essay looked at the impacts of World War II on the development of Trinidad and Tobago. Details were discussed about the social, economic, political and cultural impacts that shaped Trinidad into the place where we live in today. Although Trinidad was not directly hit during World War II, significant research has shown the extent to which Trinidad was impacted. Bibliography (MLA format) Brereton, Bridget.A history of modern Trinidad, 1783-1962. Kingston, Jamaica: Heinemann, 1981. Print. Douglas, Sean. â€Å"ULRIC CROSS – BIOGRAPHY. † the Trinidad & Tobago Web Directory. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 July 2012. . â€Å"History | Oilfields Workers' Trade Union. † Oilfields Workers' Trade Union. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 July 2012. . Wg Nai, Sean. â€Å"The effects of the second World War on Trinidad and Tobago. † History 2010. COSTAATT. L4, Trinidad. 26 June 2012. Class lecture.

How to Write an Outline for a Research Paper - Paperell.com

How to Write an Outline for a Research Paper How to Write an Outline for a Research Paper The basis of the proposed method is the logic of writing a scientific article, which highlights the main elements that are universal for most scientific works in a high school or a college. So, how to write a good outline for a research paper?Getting started, the author must answer several important questions:What is the general problem of the study?What conclusions did the previous researchers come to?What sources should be studied, what is new to know and why, how to apply the results?Answers to these questions allow the author to get an idea about the topic of upcoming work, to build its general concept, to determine the object, subject, purpose, and hypothesis of the study.Below is the most common algorithm for planning the process of writing a scientific text.Preparing For Making An OutlineWhen you have selected a topic, try to figure out what kind of argument you would like to support. It is important to understand why it may be important to you and the readers. It will be bett er if you ask yourself – what is the purpose of my thesis? Could it trigger a meaningful debate that will bring some changes and can I use this thesis to build a whole research work on it? When you will answer these questions, you will be prepared to start writing an outline for your research paper. This will have you clarify the purpose.Your professor will be the only person who will read (most of the time) your research paper when it’s completed. But it’s better to try to define your audience. Will the professor support your thesis, or he/she will discuss it and will have a counterargument? When you will understand your readers you will know what language you can use in your paper: whether the use of slang is appropriate or best to stick with formal language? The overall style and tone of your research work depend on the target audience.Research work wouldn’t be called so without meaning a proper and thorough research. You will be required to explore ma ny resources in order to find effective evidence to support your thesis. In the beginning, you will have to investigate the general information about your thesis and then get deeper into it. But make sure you don’t forget about all possible counterarguments and evidence. It is important for you to study your arguments and comprehend all the pitfalls of your thesis in order to have a clear idea of what is missing.The links and references are proof of each of your arguments and studies that you have conducted. You need to arrange them according to the importance and relevance of your thesis.After the finding out the topic, thesis statement, completing all the pre-writing activities are done, you must outline the plan and methodology of the research paper.Research paper outline is its content, built logically in the following sections: introduction, the main part, conclusion/conclusions. In a research paper, sections are allocated conditionally. In larger works, it can be parts, chapters, paragraphs. The structure of the research paper may also include an abstract, a list of sources and, if necessary, an Appendix.Constituents Of Research Paper OutlineSo, basic and classic, the structure of research paper outline looks like this:IntroductionHookDefine the audienceThesis statementBodyA few arguments to support the thesisConclusionSummary of argumentsCall to actionThe introductionStates the general thesis of the research, substantiates its relevance, describes the purpose, problem, objectives, and methods of research, theoretical and practical significance. In this part should be informative, intriguing and engaging.The main bodyThis is the most important part of your research paper, here you will be presenting your evidence and arguments to support your thesis and, in accordance with the rule of â€Å"3†, you will have to provide three arguments to support your position/thesis. It’s better to start with the strong evidence and continue with str onger and strongest ones.ConclusionIn this part you will be summarizing the arguments you have provided in the main body and arriving at the final position, providing solutions to the issues mentioned in the whole paper.That is how the work should look. Although this task is much more complex than an argumentative essay or other academic works, following a good template should make it a bit easier!Here’s the example of a good research paper outlineTitle: Frederick DouglassThesis: Frederick Douglass played a crucial role in securing the abolition of slavery and equality of African-American rights through his actions, ideas, and efforts as a lecturer, author/publisher, and politician.Below is a sample structure.Introduction:Thesis;Roles/Arguments;Douglass as Lecturer:History as slave and acquisition of education;He â€Å"experienced slavery†;Literacy allowed expression;Early lectures, including initial speech before Garrison;Success of initial speech;Goals for future spe eches;Effect of lectures on society;Open eyes;Encourage activism;Douglass as Author/Publisher:Narrative’s success and effect;Springboard for paper;Goals/hopes for paper;Garrison set-back and significance;Significance of Paper;Douglass as Politician:Key trait for success;Goal of political activism;Efforts for Republican party;Significance of efforts;Black soldier enlistment crusade;Joining of Republican party;Significance of efforts;Conclusion:Summarize arguments and efforts.Some Useful AdvicesPlan your speech and distribute it by minutes.The appearance and overall style of the paper plays an important role - it promotes not only the aesthetic pleasure of the reader but the correct understanding is written.The essence of any work is determined by the degree of originality – the more a new book, textbook or article is similar to the pre-existing, the less interest will be experienced by the reader.

Ron

Ron What I Have Lived For I have always been reminding myself about "What I have live for"‚ . This is an important question for everyone in this society, for it should determine whether that person will be good or evil, and the direction he/she is taking. Personally, I lived for finding true love, help the needy and power.Seeking true love is my first priority, for it provides the most joy and relieves the loneliness deep inside me. I demand my partner to love me as much as I do to her; I want a partner who is willing to sacrifice as much as I would. In my opinion, love is the only thing that can stop the selfishness and sins we are committing. I hope I can find someone who will also think the way I do. If there is no existence of love, the world would be in chaos, and a free for all.donation

Research Paper on San Diego County CAFR Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On San Diego County CAFR - Research Paper Example The city functions under and is administrated by the State of California’s laws and its own Charter, as periodically modified since its acceptance by the electorate in 1931 (CAFR 24). The weather of San Diego County is portrayed by mild winters with most of the annual rainfall between November to March and warm and dry summers. It is known for its natural deep water harbor, long relationship with the U.S. navy, mild year-round climate, extensive beaches, and latest emergence as a biotechnology and healthcare development center. Most people who visit the county head to the wild animal park, San Diego zoo, sea world or Lego land. The national, regional and international economic condition has badly affected San Diego County’s City services and revenue. It has also exaggerated the health of the business community. In this tough economic environment, the City of San Diego has effectively balanced its annual budget and also implemented them on time i.e. by June 30 each year. This paper will provide an analysis of the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) of San Diego County and the city also meet the Governmental Accounting Standard Board (GASB) 34 requirements because the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report has been prepared in conformance with the standards and principles for reporting as set forth by GASB 34. Governmental Accounting Standard Board (GASB) With the implementation of the GASB 34, the financial reporting model for local and state governments has been changed. The financial statements under GASB 34 must include: Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A); Government wide Statements involving Statement of Activities; Statement of Net Assets; Fund Statements; Notes to Financial Statements and Required Supplementary Information which includes the budgetary comparison. The CAFR of San Diego County meets the GASB 34 requirements as it is prepared in conformance with the standards and principles for reporting as required in GASB 34. Th e CAFR of the City also contains MD&A, Statement of Net Assets; Statement of Activities; Fund Statements; Notes to Financial Statements and Required Supplementary Information which includes the budgetary comparison of General Funds. The objective of the City’s CAFR is to provide with the financial statement which is of material misstatement. It maintains the accuracy of data; and fairness and completeness of the presentation. In addition, the City is keeping on to progress a complete internal control over the framework of financial reporting to ascertain satisfactory management of taxpayer funds (CAFR 22). According to GASB 34 and 51, in the government wide statements; all major assets are capitalized by the City of San Diego. Capital assets of both proprietary and governmental funds are utilized at the government wide level and proprietary assets are accounted at the fund level (CAFR 41). 2011 2010 With the execution of GASB 54, there was a considerable reclassification betw een Unrestricted and Restricted Net Assets. Restricted Net Assets resulted in an increase of $949,227 i.e. by $376,845 and Unrestricted Net Assets goes down by $394,573 (CAFR 36). The statistical section provides information as required by GASB 44. In addition to the financial sta

Compare and contrast the Piagetian,Vygotskian and information Essay

Compare and contrast the Piagetian,Vygotskian and information Processing theories of cognition. To what extent can these theorie - Essay Example Piaget believed that the wrong answers revealed by children had significance differences between the reasoning of adults and children. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was the founder of the Vygotskian framework of cognitive development. The elements of Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development include the role of social interactions, the More Knowledge Other, and the Zone of Proximal Development. The Vygotskian theory stresses that social interactions are critical in the cognitive development of children. Information-Processing frameworks are based on the perspective that mental processes undergo maturational changes during children’s development (McCartney & Phillips, 2011). Different cognitive theories of development bear diverse propositions about cognitive stages of development; however, these theories share some similarities concerning cognitive development of children during school years. The Piagetian Theory The Piagetian theory argues that children have the ability to construct and understand the world around them, and experience the difference between their existing knowledge and new information they acquire in the environment (Smith, 2008). The fundamental believe held by Piaget is that reality is a dynamic system characterized by a continuous change. This implies the conception of reality is viewed differently across the ages of development. Some stages of development are filled with imaginations of unreal world, while other stages of development consist of children having the real sense of the world. According to Piaget, the concept reality involves transformations and states. Transformation constitutes the manners of changes that a person undergoes during various stages of development (Smith, 2008). States are the conditions and appearances that characterize developmental stages as they are viewed between transformations. Piaget developed six stages of cognitive development that change as children grow (Bremner and Lewis, 2006). The stages include sensory motor (birth to 2 years), pre-operational stage (2 to 5 years), concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years) and formal operational stage (above 12 years). Children develop various cognitive activities as they undergo these stages. The Concepts of Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibration and Conservation in Piaget’s Theory Assimilation Assimilation describes the process through which the human mind perceives and adapts to new information. Human beings take in their environment and the new information available and attempt to fit it into the pre-existing cognitive schemas. The human mind tries to make sense of the new learning by referring to be previously acquired information in order to make sense of it (Bekoff, Allen & Burghardt, 2002). The concept of assimilation declares learning a continuous process. The theory also reveals that prior information is crucial in understanding new information. This implies that children who have some concepts of knowledge fi nd it easier to acquire additional knowledge than those who do not have any knowledge. Accommodation According to Johnson, Munakata and Gilmore (2009), accommodation involves taking new information from the environment and adjusting the current schemas to fit in the new learning. Accommodation describes the ways through which human beings continue to interpret new theories, frameworks, and schemas. The mind is adaptive enough to allow proper mental adjustments to accommodate the new learning

Training call center personnel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Training call center personnel - Essay Example Sales made will help the company to develop better strategies for developing other sectors. The customer strategy shall include customer profiling, which involves identifying who the clients of the business are and what they need. Access channels are another consideration and for this case, the website and retail shops will stock the new products. The company also needs to determine the way of communication with customers (International Financial Corporation, 2013). The practice case will have the methods of management involved because management practices form a fundamental part of success in administration. The case will also outline the objectives of the call center department and the how personnel involved should operate. The case will also have a provision for continuous learning to ensure that the trained staff will pass the information to the untrained. Such a method will mean that the system will involve many employees, not just a few. It is necessary that the company embraces the use technology to reach and market the product. For instance, the website forms the essential component of the technological aspect of the case system. Implementation of the case will take differentiated teaching styles, but which should emphasize involvement. Participants will gain knowledge of creativity on how to tackle customer-related issues. The practice case should entail methods, approach targeted, the objectives, methods of delivery and the channels of passing information to others. For the launch of new products, both customer and product-centric approaches are essential. Involving a large number of participants gives a chance for developing untrained

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay In any organisation, the employers exhibit varied behaviours. Behaviour is a social corporate responsibility (Antal Sobczak, 2004). An organisation should not just demand some kind of behavior but be incorporated in ensuring that this is achieved. The systematic study of how individuals act in an organisation, either individually or as a group is referred to as organisational behaviour (Michael, 2005). There exists many factors that would shape the way people interact in organisations. These seek to predict, control and explain some facts. Despite major criticisms concerning the ethics of controlling the behavior of workers, organisational behaviour has been very instrumental in the development and success of organisations. In the modern world, organisational behaviour is a rapidly growing field. People from different regional and cultural backgrounds have to work together thus making it necessary to moderate the way they interact. These studies have been integrated with other domains for effectiveness, these are: anthropology, ethics and leadership. The leadership domain seeks to give an insight into the role leadership plays in an organisation in the change management process. An individual learns some behaviour from an organisation either directly or indirectly (ICMR, 2007). Theories widely accepted in learning are cognitive, behaviouristic and social learning theories. Learning is attributed to the association between stimulus and response. In behaviouristic theory, the desired behaviour is achieved through the application of theories on behaviour. This theory tends to deal with those skills learnt to be used later excluding those capabilities that are inborn (Behavioural Theory, 2008). People are taught and learn rather than inherit traits. In the context of Waiting Tables for Godot passage, we can analyse some of the traits that are taught rather than the inherent ones. Jean-Pierre Godot, the owner of La Maison taught his staff some of the things he expected them to observe. He taught the workers to work as a team and work excellently for that matter. It is out of this that Diane knew that she had to give her best. How else could she be excellent? In essence, she was putting into practice what was taught to her by Godot; excellence in duty. It is also easy to see that Diane had acquired some other knowledge elsewhere. She had learnt to balance several plates on her arms. Diane could speak French despite living and studying in Australia. It is therefore only wise to conclude Diane should have been taught French. This enabled her to perform well since it is clear from the passage that she was an excellent worker. Customers complemented her for offering efficient service and even gave her tips. Cognitive theory involves learning through mistakes (Domjan, 2003). An individual avoids the path leading to pre-committed mistakes the next time similar activities are undertaken (Jaffee, 2000). In the case passage, when Diane dropped a bowl of bouillabaisse appetiser, her boss yelled at her and even went ahead to deduct $44. 95 form her pay. This taught Diane that carrying many order plates at once was not safe. It also made her realise that Godot was not concerned with the good deeds by the workers but rather by their shortcomings. Slowing down her pace was the immediate lesson that Diane learnt from this experience. From the same mistake, the University of Canberra student realised that with a slower pace, she would make little money to meet her needs. It was only advisable for her to carry on at the same pace but take more caution to avoid any outbursts from her boss. Lastly, the kind of behaviour that is passed on through observation is expounded in social theory. An individual watches some traits that others exhibit and adapts the same. It is very common with children. According to Miller and Dollard (1941), the observer imitates the observed action which is then adapted and rewarded with a positive reinforcement. Diane, a newly employed worker at La Maison observed the cook being scolded by Godot. She immediately learnt that she had no option but to give the best in her capacity if she was to avoid any trouble. By observing the nature of her customers, she learnt to be friendly and even employ some other skills like speaking French when need be. Diane observed that by warmly welcoming customers she had served before, she was able to retain them. She thus employed her courtesy skills to retain customers. Social behavior includes the inherent characteristics. Diane exhibited traits like the art of balancing several plates on her arms. She was also talented in the recommendation of wines that go well with specific meals. This Canberra student had persuasive skills to convince customers to buy lavish desserts by the way she described them. Her memory never failed. She correctly entered her orders and duly delivered them. Moreover, she remembered repeat customers and ushered them back warmly. These are some behavioural traits that are not necessarily taught. They could be inborn. Consequences have been used in many cases to determine the occurrence of behaviour. This is referred to as operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning. Learning occurs only at that point where the learner appreciates the connection that exists between behaviour and its consequences (Wagner, 2005). It is operated in by the environment but maintained by consequences. Reinforcement and punishment could either be positive or negative. The positive aspect is achieved when it is delivered due to some response whereas the negative is withdrawn due to a response. Extinction is another tool of operant conditioning where there exists no change in consequences following some response. In punishment, the behaviour of an individual is weakened following the experience of some negative condition (Operant Conditioning Basics, 1999). It is of significance to note that it is only response that is extinguished, punished or reinforced. Positive reinforcement exists where a pleasant stimulus that enhances a certain behaviour is a result of a response. In Waiting Tables for Godot, customers kept complementing Dianes service as a consequence of her excellent service. They would also give tips to this University student. Godot on the other hand always yelled at her workers. The La Maison owner would even use French to express his dissatisfaction. In a way, this made sure things get done the right way. It is seen that even Diane becomes more careful when handling his order plates to avert losses like the one experienced before. Godot explained to new workers what he expected from them; excellent job. This, if taken from Dianes reaction, shows that workers gave their best because of this initiative. On the other hand, negative reinforcement is a situation where a behaviour is a result of stopping a negative condition, usually considered unpleasant. For example, when Godot scolds his cook and chef, they get things moving. When he yells out his anger at Diane for dropping bouillabaisse appetiser on the carpet, Diane reconsiders how careful she is with her job. She therefore averts the negative consequences where she has to break her employers property and even have her pay deducted for compensation. It is also clear that Diane finds some work to do during her vacation than just stay at home to avoid rice and spaghetti meals when she resumes back to Canberra University the following semester. Positive punishment would refer to a situation where a response occurs as a result of an aversive stimulus. This includes the introduction of loud noise or shock. Jean-Pierre Godon knew how to employ this tool. He would yell at his workers if only to get things moving faster. Regularly, he would speak in French if only to drive the point home. At one particular time, when Diane dropped the bouillabaisse appetiser, she was scolded and part of her salary deducted to cater for the losses her employer had incurred. This produced positive change as she became more careful in whatever she handled in La Maison thereafter. When Dianes pay was slashed, she opted to observe extra caution. Not only was her pay deducted but she also lost a considerable amount of tips because of the slow down in her service. This served to improve the way she handled her order plates. This condition where a favorable outcome is withdrawn following an unpleasant behaviour is known as negative punishment (Wagner, 2005). Both the negative and the positive punishment result to decreased behaviour. There are conditions that result when a behaviour that had been reinforced previously ceases to be effective. This is extinction. In the case passage, Diane is portrayed as a very efficient worker who would go extra lengths to accomplish her duties. For instance, she would balance several plates on her arms which made her avoid many trips to the kitchen. She would also carry out her duties so well that Godot, her boss, never crossed paths with her. However, on the day she messed herself by dropping appetiser of bouillabaisse on the carpet, all these things ceased to be meaningful. Her expertise in balancing several plates in her arms was no longer a positive attribute. It had cost her $44. 95 of her pay. It was therefore not worth going on with this but rather resort to carrying just a few plates at a time. Although she did not break any item in La Maison henceforth, Godot was still irritated with this University student. Godot was not satisfied with her wait staff effort. No matter how hard they tried to fulfil their bosss demands, Godot would still hurry them up with insults in French. Their effort was therefore extinct. Dianes life was surely affected by these learning tools in one way or another. Positive reinforcements made her achieve her targets. When customers would complement her, she would feel that she was doing the right thing. This motivated her to offer the best that she could. Customers would tip her, t times to a high of $23 a day which implied to Diane that she would not take rice and spaghetti in the next semester at the University of Canberra. She would also get more customers into Godots business place because of her good communication and interpersonal skills. Nonetheless, some negative reinforcement aspects caused her humiliation. When Godot finds her on the wrong and scolds her, she is forced to do away with quite a portion of her pay as compensation for the losses the boss incurs. She is prompted to reduce her service speed to avert similar happenings. When Godot imposes a fine to Diane for her actions, he knows that this will assist this lady avoid carelessness in the future. She is forced to serve lesser customers which implies reduced tips for her. This is positive punishment since it is meant to give positive results. It is out of this that this student becomes cautious with her work. Though this impacted negatively on her goals, losses in the organization was prevented. From the unpleasant behaviour of Godot in the context of Diane, this worker changes and becomes even a better employee as she does not break items anymore but becomes more cautious. There are various ways that an employer would incorporate in their management to yield the desired results. Godots idea was to pay per hour and allow the workers have tips from customers. It would thus ensure that at no one particular hour would the workers desire to do nothing. They would always seek to be busy each unfolding hour. This simply meant that Godot would have an all time operational business. This translates to more work and more profits for him. He would also not have to pay for any wasted hours during the day than if he was to pay, say per month. It will also mean that he could employ new employees every hour and avert the problem of absenteeism. Tips on the hand encouraged the workers to serve more customers in anticipation for more tips. This similarly translates to more work and consequently profits for Godot.

Benefits of Informal Communication on Team Performance

Benefits of Informal Communication on Team Performance Organising and Managing for Performance Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract What is informal communication? Does Gossip motivate? Rumour vs Gossips Does Informal Communication Helps in Team Building? Negatives Consequences of Informal Communication: Personal Experience on informal communication in my organisation Benefits or consequences of Gossips How team members and managers can use informal communication? Between work peers in general Between supervisors/managers and subordinates Conclusion Insights of informal communication- Motivation for team building and Managerial decision-making? Abstract In an organization, team building is a challenging task. It takes lot of time and money to get a team to coordinate for the success of the organization. But can we make a successful team in an organization thorough the informal communication? Does informal communication motivate the team member and increase the efficiency of the work? Does informal communication plays major role in organization decision making? This case study is all about does informal communication has been used as the effective tool in the organization for building the team. What is informal communication? Informal communication can also be known as Grapevine communication, Gossip. Informal communication has received the importance in relation to its role for both the Individuals and groups, which includes the issues of social comparison, identity, and reputation ( Dunbar, 1996, cited in Michelson,G et.al 2010).This is the easiest way to circulate the information among the employees in the organisation. This type of communication does not have any standard format; it can be through any medium among the employees in an organisation such as email, mobile phone, social network and word of mouth. 70 to 80 % of the communication in an organisation is through the informal communication. This influence of gossip among the peers in an organisation is very high. This form of communication can be helpful to one group and same can be harmful to other group. (Beersma B Van Kleef G A, 2012) In addition to its diffusion across different disciplinary areas, gossip also connects well with extant theoretical perspectives. For example, social exchange theory, attribution theory, cognitive dissonance, uncertainty reduction theory, it can all be invoked to explain why and how individuals might engage in gossip and deal with internal conflict about participating in gossip. (Michelson,G et.al 2010) Does Gossip motivate? In an organisation, gossip also plays as one of the motivational factor among the employees. â€Å"Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate within as well as beyond an individuals being. It is a psychological process resulting from the reciprocal interaction between the individual and the environment that affects a persons choices, effort, and persistence.† Latham Ernst (2006, p.181) Gossip is a kind of storytelling which engage the people to ask the scope of questions: what gossips about other, who to whom, what, how, and why and also explores where and when gossip might occur? This form of communication is unmanaged and no records in the organisation. This way of communication is through word of mouth or written text which shows the opinions, emotions, beliefs and attitudes about the person organisational life and work experience. Therefore it will be usually talked within the small group with whom the gossiper trust, which helps in improving the group dynamics. A gossip also plays a vital role in maintaining the relationships among the individuals in the team in which it influence about who gossips to whom and what subject and what the effects on the individual or group. In some situation, gossips are accepted as the exchange of information among the individuals which can be used as the attention seeking, creating the self-image and promoting the self-interest through social comparing. (Ben-Ze’ev, 1994 cited in Michelson,G et.al 2010). Rumour vs Gossips Rumour research suggests that rumours (a related type of communication), which are transmitted through gossip, are more likely to occur when anxious individuals find themselves in conditions of environmental ambiguity. Situations of organizational change are often used to illustrate how such environmental uncertainty shapes the frequency and nature of both rumour and gossip. Rumor and gossip are interrelated yet conceptually different as illustrated by the following metaphor: Rumours are speculations that arise to fill knowledge gaps or discrepancies. Additionally, it is suggested that rumours are motivated by a desire for meaning and sense making, whereas gossip seems to be motivated primarily by ego and individual status needs. This function differentiates rumour from gossip, which is meant primarily to entertain or convey mores. Gossip is a tasty hors d’oeuvre savoured at a cocktail party; rumour is a morsel hungrily eaten amid an information famine. (DiFonzo, Bordia, Rosn ow, 1994, p. 52 cited in Michelson, G. et.al 2010). Does Informal Communication Helps in Team Building? Through Formal communication, all the data’s and information will be recorded in an organisation and it will be tough for the employee to talk about his team member through this medium, where one will feel unsecured. To get to know each other in the team better and create the bonding among the team members, most of the organisations arrange the weekend trip or party for their employees. In which people from different cultures join together to social life, which helps to break the barrier among the employees position in the organisation. Negatives Consequences of Informal Communication: Gossip can also be destructive in the workplace. To add more features to the gossip, it has been featured within the organizational and management literature in any of the two ways mentioned below (a) coincidental to the mainstream disciplines and domains, materializing as a by-product (and even waste product) of inquiry into, for example, organizational culture, storytelling, and conflict or (b) as mentioned in the â€Å"popular management† literature, in which it is assumed that informal communication is not ethical to the work morale and productivity and it should not be encouraged in the work culture and therefore it is a problem to be managed in the organisation. (G Michelson et.al 2010) The popular management perspective to some extent exemplifies a view of gossip associated with negative, pejorative, and trivial assumptions, sometimes seen as â€Å"women’s talk,† inauthentic discourse, to be discouraged or banned (Emler, 1994; Jones, 1980 cited in Michelson,G. et.al 2010) Personal Experience on informal communication in my organisation Few years back in my organisation, MSN technologies, located in Chennai, India, in which I was leading the team of 8 members for a particular e-books conversion projects. My organisation, where we are IT and ITES solution provider. We also develop web tools and publication tools, eBooks conversion, digitalization process for the publication companies. This was my first experience in leading the operation team. I was also the managing partner of the company which gives me more responsibility in handling the team. This project was around 6 months and I went to various phase in building up the team in this 6 months. We recruited and trained the team. We use to communicate with all the 8 members very formally through the mail and group meeting. In which I used to communicate with the client end for the queries and project delivery on day today basis. My team: My team consists of 8 people (Three men and Five Women) from different educational background, different states of India with different culture and Language. All eight members were new to the organisation. As this is the newly started company. So it’s always challenging to work with the people from different work culture and challenging to lead the group of team as well. Phase 1: At the Initial stage of the project, I allotted the work to the group and getting the hourly updates from them and I was working with the team as well but still I couldn’t able to get the quality expected by the client and I was in the verge of losing the project and business. In which my company will face the huge lose. I use to show the frustration and anger towards the team and I can’t able to find where the mistake is going on. We use to have 15 minutes of meeting every 4 hours in a day to get the feedback for the project. But in meeting most of the time only I will be giving the instructions and commanding the group. But still I couldn’t able to find the improvement in the project. But I could sense the some sort of tension and unrest going around the team and the organisation. Most work relationships involve two different types of interaction task-related and social-interpersonal exchange. Better social relations result in more cooperation, better communication, and greater effectiveness. Managers and supervisors have to look after both task performance and the welfare of subordinates (Argyle, 1972 cited in Henderson M et.al, 1986 ). Statement from Managing Director, Dilip Prabhakar, MSN Technologies, â€Å" It was the first project from one the Top Publishing company, and the whole operation team is new to the company and he (Krish) got the major role to play in successful completion of the project. But our management was not satisfied with the working style and the way he was managing the team. He (Krish) said that, there is the unrest among the employee in allocating and completing the day-to-day task and team members are not comfortable to each other, in which the team communication was poor. So we decided for the team outing to improve the team stability and to get to know each other well. So that the bonding will be strong among the team members to work for our organisation.† Group Outing: I organised the group outing on the weekend to make my team to free themselves from the office environment. We conducted lot of group tasks and getting to know the strength and weakness of every individual. At the end the team outing, team members came to know each other well and all having the different views on organisation and sharing lot of personal experience and helping each other in all the tasks. This group meeting outside the office breaks the barrier among the group. I took time to talk with each member of the group and now we came to know the strength, personal life of each member of the team. I came to know the individual problems of the team members facing in the company. There were few gossips going around the office. This helps me to know about the group strength. Phase 2: I was trying to make change in my approach towards the team. I came to understand the strength and weaknesses of the individuals and personal characteristics among the each member in the group. So I tried to allocate the work among the group in which each individual are comfortable and easy to work. We played one of the games in team outing in which each member as to select the individual partner in the team to play that particular game, this makes easier for me to know about each member, with whom each one is more comfortable to work with. So I divided the operation team into three team such as Coding team, proofreading, and QC team in which I selected the team members in which each one is more comfortable to work. This change in the operations and task allocation among the team members helps the productivity of the project. This change paid off and the result was really satisfying by the organisation. Statement from Pradeep, One of the Coding team member from my organisation,† Working with this organisation for the first few weeks was very difficult, as the entire team is new and we were given less information about the project and not sure about the task allocation to each other which makes us more difficult to understand our work. Initially, I was not feeling comfortable with my group as we had a fear factor among each person to convey the discomfort to the organisation. I also heard few gossips from the other employees about the team leader and other management members in the organisation. But our First team outing gives me the opportunity to break the fear factor and makes me easy to talk to my manager without any formal mail communication and it also gives me the opportunity to know about the each member of the team. After our first team outing, I could also feel the change in the management style in handling our group.† Benefits or consequences of Gossips Gossips encourage the development of social network among the team members and it also allows employees to understand and predict their boss personal characteristics and behaviour. This also helps the organisation to grow and used to ruin the competitors’ reputations. (Doyle, 2000, p. 8 cited in Michelson, G. Et.Al. 2010) There are many number of ways in which the informal communication can be more significant in an organisation, group and individuals. One of the major factors of informal communication is its ability to provide more context-relevant information and through this medium of communication individuals relieve feelings of tension and anxiety, especially during the periods of organisational change. Gossip helps in shaping and reshaping the meaning and enables the organisation culture and learning. Gossips can give voice and power to individuals in the organisation. (Ogasawara, 1998 cited in Michelson, G. Et.Al. 2010), for example, showed how women clerical workers in Japan were able to exercise some power over their male managers by virtue of their ability to influence the reputations of these managers through their gossip. Reputation was regarded as important by the managers because it had an impact on their future promotion prospects. How team members and managers can use informal communication? Organisation doesn’t have any rules for informal communication, however there should be rules among the team mates, supervisors and subordinates, in which cooperation, help and fairness should be strongly applied among team mates, and also supervisors should have the rules about consideration and skilful use of power, rules about using initiative and accepting orders and criticism to subordinates. (Henderson, M. and Argyle, M., 1986) Between work peers in general There should be rules about equity and fairness in dividing the rewards if each member is seeking financial or other rewards for himself. Colleagues or peers, who are working in the organisation, may also be seen as friends. Individuals may often in need of advice and help. Work mate should always provide help to each other whenever it is needed so that work groups are more effective. If people do not sustain the positive relationships among others, that are to keep friendly terms on with one another, then cooperation in work groups is likely to fail. There also develop strong common interest. Its important factor for members in the team to be loyal to the group during the tough phase like even if it goes against the management directions in case of the output result. (e.g. Goldthorpe, Lockwood, Bechhofer and Platt, 1968 cited in Henderson, M. and Argyle, M., 1986). Between supervisors/managers and subordinates The manager or supervisor’s main role in an organisation is to manage and supervise effectively, which involves giving the proper guidance and instructions to his subordinates and organise the work effectively. Manager or Supervisor should also look after the welfare of his team mates Supervisors will be giving orders and subordinates are expected to carry their orders The manner of giving directions varies from authoritarian to democratic/ persuasive. There appears to be no general rule about this, since the preferred and most effective style varies with size of group, urgency of decisions, culture, and other variables. (Henderson, M. and Argyle, M., 1986) Conclusion: Informal communication can be used as one of the effective tool by the manager for decision making in an organisation and for building the team and it also motivates among the individuals in the team. However, this also has negative impact on the organisation if it is not used in proper way by the team members in the organisation. Individuals may also follow from set of rules by themselves to have a healthy gossips and growth in the organisation. Bibliography Beersma, B. And Van Kleef, G.A. 2012.Why People Gossip: An Empirical Analysis Of Social Motives, Antecedents, And Consequences.Journal Of Applied Social Psychology. [Online]. 42(11), 2640-2670. [Accessed on 24th December 2013].Available From: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com Baker, J. S. And Jones, M. A. 1996. Poison Grapevine: How Destructive Are Gossip And Rumor In The Workplace? Human Resource Development. [Online] Quarterly, 7, 75–86. [Accessed on 24th December 2013]. Available From: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com Baumeister, R. F. Et.Al. 2004. Gossip As Cultural Learning. Review Of General Psychology. [Online] 8, 111–121. [Accessed on 27th December 2013]. Available from: http://ovidsp.uk.ovid.com/ Baumeister, R. F. And Leary, M. R. 1995. The Need To Belong: Desire For Interpersonal Attachments As A Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin [Online] 117, 497–529. [Accessed on 24th December 2013]. Available From: http://ovidsp.uk.ovid.com/ Beersma, B. And Van Kleef, G. A. 2011. How The Grapevine Keeps You In Line: Gossip Increases Contributions To The Group. Social Psychological And Personality Science. [Online]. 2, 642–649. Available from: http://spp.sagepub.com/ Dunbar, R. I. M. 2004. Gossip In An Evolutionary Perspective. Review Of General Psychology. [Online]. 8, 100–110. Accessed on 27th December 2013 Available From: http://ovidsp.uk.ovid.com/ Dunbar, R. I. M. Et. Al. 1997. Human Conversational Behaviour. Human Nature [Online] 8, 231–246. Accessed on 3rd January 2013. Available from http://link.springer.com/ Filev, A. 2013. Virtual Watercooler Breaks: The Value of Informal Communication in Remote Teams [Online]. [Accessed on 27th December 2013 ]. Available From: http://www.wrike.com/projectmanagement/07/31/2013/Virtual-Watercooler-Breaks-The-Value-Informal-Communication-Remote-Teams Henderson, M. And Argyle, M. 1986. The Informal Rules Of Working Relationships. Journal of Occupational Behaviour. [Online] 7, 259–275. [Accessed on 27th December 2013]. Available from http://www.jstor.org Michelson, G. Et.al. 2010. Gossip In Organizations: Contexts, Consequences, And Controversies. Group And Organization Management. [Online] 35. 371–390 [Accessed on 29th December 2013]. http://gom.sagepub.com/ Noon, M. And Delbridge, R. (1993). News From Behind My Hand: Gossip In Organizations. Organization Studies. [Online]. 14, 23–36. [Accessed on 27th December 2013] Available from https://www.proquest.com/ Stirling, R. B. 1956). Some Psychological Mechanisms Operative In Gossip. Social Forces. [Online] 34, 262–267. http://0-web.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk